工控機(IPC)和PLC
工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)（ IPC ）和 PLC 一、概述(shu) 在工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)領(ling)域， PLC 和工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人們(men)不(bu)得不(bu)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩類控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)設(she)備(bei)，它(ta)們(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)多數自(zi) 動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)設(she)備(bei)。 PLC 和工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最新技術(shu)發展是(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)程師對設(she)備(bei)應用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完 美體現：控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬件(jian)標準化(hua)(hua)，以(yi)及用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)要求通過(guo)軟(ruan)件(jian)來進行(xing)改變。 PLC 就是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種利用(yong)計算機(ji)(ji)原(yuan)理為順(shun)序控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)專(zhuan)門設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、通用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、使用(yong)方便(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)。它(ta) 采(cai)用(yong)了專(zhuan)用(yong)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬件(jian)，而(er)使用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通過(guo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)程序來確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)了個人計算機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) PCI 總線和 PC/104 總線、 采(cai)用(yong)功能(neng)板卡擴展控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi) I/O 點來實現計算機(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種方便(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)設(she)備(bei)。它(ta)具(ju)有工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現場應用(yong)特性(xing)(xing)，同時(shi)又極大(da)地 利用(yong)了 PC 機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件(jian)環境，用(yong)戶可以(yi)方便(bian)(bian)地選擇各(ge)(ge)制(zhi)造商提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品。 PLC 和工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)發展水(shui)平(ping)已大(da)大(da)超過(guo)其(qi)出(chu)現時(shi)技術(shu)水(shui)平(ping)，并(bing)各(ge)(ge)自(zi)定位在不(bu)同 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層面。 PLC 適合低成本自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)項目和作為大(da)型(xing) DCS 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) I/O 站，工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)在中(zhong)規模小 范圍(wei)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)有很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)價格比， 當然這(zhe)(zhe)種定位也不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)絕對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 據預測， 2000 年 我國工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場規模達(da) 170 億(yi)至 207 億(yi)人民幣， 其(qi)中(zhong)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)占(zhan) 40 億(yi)左右、 PLC 占(zhan) 30 億(yi)左右，再(zai)加上 DCS 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、 FCS 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和 NCC 系(xi)(xi)統(tong)（占(zhan) 60 億(yi)）中(zhong)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) PLC 和工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)， 可以(yi)看出(chu)其(qi)在工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)領(ling)域中(zhong)舉足輕重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。 這(zhe)(zhe)兩類控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)設(she)備(bei)在各(ge)(ge)領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong) 扮(ban)演了不(bu)可缺(que)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色。圖 1 給出(chu)了某自(zi)來水(shui)廠工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)結構(gou)圖，其(qi)中(zhong)采(cai)用(yong) 了 PLC 作為 I/O 控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)站、工(gong)(gong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)作為監控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)。 圖 1 工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)結構(gou)圖
